Cabinet Clears ₹3.8 Lakh Crore National Water Grid Master Plan
The 15-year project would interlink 12 peninsular and Himalayan river systems to ease water scarcity and manage floods.
The Union Cabinet has approved the National Water Grid Master Plan, an idea engineers and planners have debated for more than two decades. Estimated at ₹3.8 lakh crore over 15 years, it proposes interlinking 12 peninsular and Himalayan river systems through canals, tunnels, reservoirs and pumping stations.
The Jal Shakti Ministry, which led four years of planning, called the approval a generational investment in hydrological equity. Minister Prahlad Joshi said the plan would reshape water availability for roughly 400 million Indians in chronically water-stressed districts.
Key Highlights
- The plan is estimated at ₹3.8 lakh crore over 15 years.
- It interlinks 12 peninsular and Himalayan river systems.
- Seven peninsular link canals are targeted within seven years.
- Reservoir construction could displace 280,000 to 400,000 people.
- It could bring an additional 8.5 million hectares under reliable irrigation.
Peninsular Component Takes Priority
The roadmap splits the work in two. The peninsular link — connecting the Krishna, Godavari, Cauvery and Mahanadi basins — is fast-tracked in phase one, given lower geological complexity and existing canal infrastructure. Seven link canals are expected within seven years.
The Himalayan component, tapping surplus waters of the Brahmaputra, Ganga and Kosi to augment the Yamuna and western Rajasthan channels, is far harder: seismic sensitivity and treaty obligations with Bangladesh and Bhutan push it to a 12-year window.
The two phases compared
| Component | Rivers | Timeline |
|---|---|---|
| Peninsular | Krishna, Godavari, Cauvery, Mahanadi | Seven canals in ~7 years |
| Himalayan | Brahmaputra, Ganga, Kosi to Yamuna/Rajasthan | ~12 years |
A Long-Debated Idea
The concept of linking India's rivers is not new. The National River Linking Project has been studied for decades by the National Water Development Agency, and the Ken-Betwa link in central India became the first project to move from proposal toward construction. The new master plan brings that patchwork of studies under a single national framework.
Supporters argue that surplus-to-deficit transfers can smooth the monsoon's uneven geography; critics counter that rainfall variability and climate change complicate the assumption of reliable surpluses.
Environmental and Displacement Questions
Environmental groups want rigorous, independent impact assessments for each link, warning that large hydrological changes can harm wetlands, groundwater recharge and riparian biodiversity. The government says every sub-project will require clearance under the Environment Protection Act.
Displacement is a major concern. Reservoir construction could displace 280,000 to 400,000 people, mostly in tribal and forest-adjacent communities. The National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy will apply, with a dedicated grievance cell under the Jal Shakti Ministry.
Inter-State Accords and Economic Case
At least nine bilateral inter-state water-sharing accords must be renegotiated before construction begins. Technical talks have started with Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where flow disputes have historically stalled projects.
Economists project the peninsular component alone could add 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points to agricultural GDP annually by irrigating 8.5 million additional hectares. Water scarcity is estimated to cost the economy about ₹1.2 lakh crore a year. The stakes echo warnings in our analysis of why water security is a defining strategic challenge.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the National Water Grid Master Plan?
A ₹3.8 lakh crore, 15-year plan to interlink 12 river systems to move water from surplus to deficit regions.
Which phase comes first?
The peninsular component, connecting the Krishna, Godavari, Cauvery and Mahanadi basins.
How many people could be displaced?
Between 280,000 and 400,000, mostly in tribal and forest-adjacent areas, covered by the resettlement policy.
What are the main risks?
Environmental impact on wetlands and biodiversity, seismic risk in the Himalayan phase, and inter-state and international water disputes.
What is the expected economic benefit?
An estimated 0.4-0.7 percentage-point annual boost to agricultural GDP from 8.5 million hectares of new irrigation.
Sources
- Ministry of Jal Shakti — project approval and briefing
- National Water Development Agency — river-linking studies
- Cabinet communication